Preparing the Next Generation of Oral Historians is an invaluable resource to educators seeking to bring history alive for students at all levels. Filled with insightful reflections on teaching oral history, it offers practical suggestions for educators seeking to create curricula, engage students, gather community support, and meet educational standards. By the close of the book, readers will be able to successfully incorporate oral history projects in their own classrooms.

In the US, research payments are technically taxable income. This article argues that tax liability is a form of possible economic and legal risk of paid research participation. Findings are presented from empirical research on Phase I healthy volunteer trials. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for the informed consent process, as well as for broader ethical issues in whether and how payments for research participation should be regulated.

Involuntary psychiatric commitment for suicide prevention and physician aid-in-dying (PAD) in terminal illness combine to create a moral dilemma. If PAD in terminal illness is permissible, it should also be permissible for some who suffer from nonterminal psychiatric illness: suffering provides much of the justification for PAD, and the suffering in mental illness can be as severe as in physical illness. But involuntary psychiatric commitment to prevent suicide suggests that the suffering of persons with mental illness does not justify ending (...) their own lives, ruling out PAD. Since both practices have compelling underlying justifications, the most reasonable accommodation might seem to be to allow PAD for persons with mental illness whose suffering is severe enough to justify self-killing, but prohibit PAD for persons whose suffering is less severe. This compromise, however, would require the articulation of standards by which persons’ mental as well as physical suffering could be evaluated. Doing so would present a serious philosophical challenge. (shrink)

This paper extends the fields of visual and object semiosis, style, and rhetoric by introducing the concept of critical object images. It identifies five of their rhetorical functions in literature and demonstrates the semiotic and rhetorical specificity and force of literary object images. Inter-disciplinary concepts and theories used in the study are introduced before the concept is tested and developed through analyses of object images with critical roles in the Victorian scenes of Virginia Woolf’s novels. The inductive analyses trace the (...) semiosis and stylistic affordances of the selected critical object images, with reference to three categories of kitsch inauthenticity, and their formal and cultural contexts, noting the rhetorical function they serve. Multimodal stylistics and the semiotics of visual images and of objects are used in these analyses, and the unique contribution of critical object images as rhetorical elements in literature is uncovered and explained. The analysis of Woolf’s representation of selected objects shows how the critical object images function rhetorically, through their stylistic connotations, to present unambiguous meanings that are not openly stated in the texts’ verbal discourse. (shrink)

In his carefully documented article, “From reciprocity to autonomy in physician-assisted death: an ethical analysis of the Dutch Supreme Court ruling in the Albert Heringa case,” Berand Florijn (20...

Boyer's cognitive model of ownership, based on cooperation and competition, underscores the importance of studying disagreements in ownership. We argue that exploring the factors that can lead to different perceptions and experiences of ownership will uniquely inform our understanding of legal, psychological, and perceived ownership beliefs.

Heritable human genome editing has garnered significant attention in scholarly and lay media, yet questions remain about whether, when, and how heritable genome editing ought to proceed. Drawing on interviews with scientists who use genome editing in their research and professionals engaged in human genome editing governance efforts, we examine their views on the permissibility of heritable genome editing and the governance strategies they see as necessary and realistic. For both issues, we found divergent views from respondents. We place the (...) views of these scientists and governance professionals within the context of the larger bioethical discussion of heritable genome editing governance, along a continuum of hard to soft approaches. These respondents’ views highlight the challenges of various hard forms of governance and the potential virtues of soft governance approaches. (shrink)

Thomas Kuhn’un ufuk açıcı eseri Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı’nda yer verdiği bilimin yapısı ve işleyişi konusundaki tespitleri ve bilimin gerçek doğasını anlama yönündeki girişimleri bilime yönelik sergilenen pozitivist bakış açısını değiştirerek eğitici ve öğrencilerin modern bilim anlayışının özelliklerini daha iyi anlamalarında ve eğitim alanında yeni düzenlemelerin yapılmasında giderek etkili olmaktadır. Başta fen eğitimi araştırmacıları olmak üzere her geçen yıl eğitimciler tarafından Kuhn’un çalışmalarına yönelik artan ilgi ve başvuru bu durumu destekler niteliktedir (Loving ve Cobern, 2000, s. 187). Eğitim araştırmalarında Kuhn’un görüşlerinin (...) etkisinin en çok hissedildiği alanlar kavramsal değişim araştırmaları, yapılandırmacı öğrenme yaklaşımı, Bilim, Teknoloji ve Toplum çalışmaları ile bilime ilişkin kültürel çalışmalar gösterilebilir (Matthews, 2022: 38). Fen eğitimi araştırmalarında ise kavramsal değişim kuramları ile yapılandırmacı öğrenme kuramlarında bu etki görülmektedir (Loving ve Cobern, 2000, s. 187). Fen eğitimi ve öğrenimi konusundaki mevcut yaklaşımlar göz önüne alındığında Kuhn’un düşüncelerinin eğitim alanındaki yansımaları yapılandırmacı öğrenme kuramının temel kaynaklarından birisi olarak değerlendirilmekte (Hodson, 1988, s. 32), bilimsel ilerleme kapsamında paradigma, paradigma değişimi ve paradigmaların eşölçülemezliği gibi bilimin işleyişine yönelik belirlemeleri ise kavramsal değişim kuramında sıklıkla başvurulan görüşler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kavramsal değişim kuramlarını desteklemek amacıyla birçok eğitimci (Loving ve Cobern, 2000; Songer ve Linn, 1991; Duschl ve Gitomer, 1991; Metz, 1991) tarafından Kuhn’un bilimsel ilerlemeyi örneklendirmek üzere başvurduğu fizik gibi bilimlerde görülen gelişim ve değişim ile bilimlerde meydana gelen paradigma değişiklerine yönelik düşünceleri, eğitimde gerçekleşen bireysel gelişim ve değişim sonucunda insan zihninde meydana gelen bilişsel değişimler ve kavramsal değişimlerle ilişkilendirilerek öğrencilerin eğitilmesine yönelik araştırmalarda kullanılmaktadır. Fen eğitimi özelinde kavramsal değişim araştırmaları bireysel öğrenme sırasında ya da sonucunda zihinde gerçekleşen kavramsal değişim ve bilişsel gelişim aşamaları ile bilimsel devrimler sonucunda bilim insanları ve bilim topluluğunda meydana gelen kavramsal değişim ve bilimin gelişim aşamaları arasında benzerlik kurularak öğrencilerin fen öğrenimi sırasındaki zihinsel durumlarının araştırmacılar tarafından daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi amacıyla ileri sürülmektedir (Hewson, 1981, s. 383). Kavramsal değişim araştırmaları, Piaget’nin (1969) çocukların bilişsel gelişimi konusundaki görüşleri ile Thomas Kuhn'un (1970a) bilimsel bilginin tarihsel gelişimi hakkındaki çalışmalarının ilişkilendirilmeye başlanmasından yola çıkılarak inşa edilmekle birlikte kavramsal değişim kuramı ya da yaklaşımı fen eğitimi araştırmalarında ön plana çıkan bir yöntem ya da paradigma haline gelmeye başlamıştır (Abell, Appleton, ve Hanuscin, 2013, s. 7; 59). Kavramsal değişim konusunda araştırma yapanlar Kuhn’un bilimin yapısı hakkındaki görüşlerinden hareketle öğrencilerin eğitim alırken karşılaştıkları yeni bilgiler ile zihinlerindeki mevcut ön kabuller ve bilgiler arasındaki uyum ya da uyumsuzluk durumunu belirtmek amacıyla yararlanmaktadırlar (Abimbola 1987, Duit 1991, Villani, 1992). Bu kapsamda çalışmada ilk olarak fen eğitimi alanında kavramsal değişim yaklaşımının temel unsurlarına öncülük eden Kuhn’un bilim anlayışı çerçevesinde bilimsel ilerleme, paradigma değişimi ve farklı paradigmaların eşölçülmezliğine yönelik görüşlerinin detaylarına yer verilerek kavramsal değişim yaklaşımını hangi açılardan etkilediğinin tespiti yapılmaktadır. Ardından Kuhn’un fen eğitimine yönelik görüşleri doğrultusunda ileri sürdüğü öğrencilerin zihninde paradigma gibi önceden bir kabul olduğu düşüncesi sonucunda eğitim araştırmalarında öğrenci merkezli anlayışın ön plana çıkması ile kavramsal değişim yaklaşımının detaylarına yer verilmektedir. Son olarak Margaret Masterman’ın belirlemeleri ile Kuhn’un Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı’nda paradigma kavramını çeşitli anlamlarda kullanmasının kavramsal değişim yaklaşımının temel öğretilerine hangi açılardan kaynaklık ettiği vurgulanmaktadır. Böylelikle bilim tarihinde ya da bilimsel ilerleme süreçlerinde görülen kavramsal değişim ile eğitimcilerin yararlandığı bireylerin zihinlerinde gerçekleşen kavramsal değişime yönelik kurulan benzerlik ilişkisinde öğrencilerin bilişsel ve zihinsel durumlarını daha iyi anlamak için başvurulan kavramsal değişim yaklaşımına ilişkin öğeler derinleştirilerek Kuhn’un görüşlerinin bu öğelerle nasıl ilişkilendirildiği ortaya konulmaktadır. (shrink)

Missing from Bering's account of the evolutionary origins of existential reasoning is an explicit developmental framework, one that takes into account community input. If Bering's selectionist explanation was on target then one might predict a unique and relatively robust developmental trajectory, regardless of input. Evidence suggests instead that children's existential reasoning is contingent on their developing theory of mind.

Children and adults from theus and China heard about people who died in two types of narrative contexts – medical and religious – and judged whether their psychological and biological capacities cease or persist after death. Most 5- to 6-year-olds reported that all capacities would cease. In theus, but not China, there was an increase in persistence judgments at 7–8 years, which decreased thereafter.uschildren’s persistence judgments were influenced by narrative context – occurring more often for religious narratives – and such (...) judgments were made especially for psychological capacities. When participants were simply asked what happens to people following death, in both countries there were age-graded increases in references to burial, religious ritual, and the supernatural. (shrink)

Trust and Governance asks several important questions: Is trust really essential to good governance, or are strong laws more important? What leads people either to trust or to distrust government, and what makes officials decide to be trustworthy? Can too much trust render the public vulnerable to government corruption, and if so what safeguards are necessary? In approaching these questions, the contributors draw upon an abundance of resources to offer different perspectives on the role of trust in government. Enriched by (...) perspectives from political science, sociology, psychology, economics, history, and philosophy, Trust and Governance opens a new dialogue on the role of trust in the vital relationship between citizenry and government. (shrink)

This volume shows how Gandhi's thought and action-oriented approach are significant, relevant, and urgently needed for addressing major contemporary problems and concerns, including issues of violence and nonviolence, war and peace, religious conflict and dialogue, terrorism, ethics, civil disobedience, injustice, modernism and postmodernism, oppression and exploitation, and environmental destruction. Appropriate for general readers and Gandhi specialists, this volume will be of interest for those in philosophy, religion, political science, history, cultural studies, peace studies, and many other fields.

Few figures of the Middle Ages command the attention of so many modern disciplines as Robert Grosseteste (c. 1170-1253). Theology, Philosophy, History, and Science are all areas which his life and thought continue to have significance and to inspire re-interpretation. Accompanied by a series of original commentaries, this new edition of Grosseteste's work, with English translation, draws together the perspectives of modern scientists and medieval specialists. Volume I of a six volume series, Knowing and Speaking presents two of the earliest (...) of Grosseteste's works, the treatises On the Liberal Arts and On the Generation of Sounds. These are accompanied by a significant Middle English treatise on the Seven Liberal Arts whose anonymous fifteenth-century author translated and excerpted passages from Grosseteste's treatises in a re-imagining of their structure and function.0Each work is treated separately within the volume, which is constructed in three parts. On the Liberal Arts sets Grosseteste's thoughts on the arts subjects and emphasises moral concerns about the purpose of learning. On the Generation of Sounds builds on the theories and statements of On the Liberal Arts in connection to the production of sound, elaborating the earlier position, relating the generation of sounds to human vocal and speech production. (shrink)

The authors surveyed hospitals across the country on their policies regarding overlapping surgery, and found large variation between hospitals in how this practice is regulated. Specifically, institutions chose to define “critical portions” in a variety of ways, ultimately affecting not only surgical efficiency but also the autonomy of surgical trainees and patient experiences at these different hospitals.

The Search for the Legacy of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee is a collection of essays from experts in a variety of fields seeking to redefine the legacy of the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The essayists place the legacy of the study within the evolution of racial and ethnic relations in the United States. Contributors include two leading historians on the study, two former United States Surgeons General, and other prominent scholars from a wide range of fields.

ABSTRACT:Since the dawn of capitalism, corporations have been regarded by the law as separate legal “persons.” Corporate “personhood” has nonetheless remained controversial, and our understanding of corporate personhood often influences our thinking about the social responsibilities of corporations. This essay, written in honor of Prof. Thomas Donaldson, explores the tension in recent decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court and the Delaware Chancery Court about what corporations are, whose interests they serve, and who gets to make decisions about what they do. (...) These decisions suggest that the law does not unequivocally support Donaldson’s vision of corporations as “moral” persons. (shrink)

This paper analyses the activities of five organizations shaping the debate over the global governance of genome editing in order to assess current approaches to public engagement (PE). We compare the recommendations of each group with its own practices. All recommend broad engagement with the general public, but their practices vary from expert-driven models dominated by scientists, experts, and civil society groups to citizen deliberation-driven models that feature bidirectional consultation with local citizens, as well as hybrid models that combine elements (...) of both approaches. Only one group practices PE that seeks community perspectives to advance equity. In most cases, PE does little more than record already well-known views held by the most vocal groups, and thus is unlikely to produce more just or equitable processes or policy outcomes. Our exploration of the strengths, weaknesses, and possibilities of current forms of PE suggests a need to rethink both “public” and “engagement.”. (shrink)

If you developed Alzheimer disease, would you want to go all the way to the end of what might be a decade‐long course? Some would; some wouldn't. Options open to those who choose to die sooner are often inadequate. Do‐not‐resuscitate orders and advance directives depend on others' cooperation. Preemptive suicide may mean giving up years of life one would count as good. Do‐it‐yourself methods can fail. What we now ask of family and clinicians caring for persons with dementia, and of (...) patients given no better option than to go on with lives they may not want, is unacceptable. To explore how one might better control one's own dying and avoid burdening others with overwhelming care and morally painful choices, we propose a thought experiment: an advance directive implant that would enable persons with early dementia, while competent, to arrange their own deaths without the subsequent intervention of anyone else. (shrink)

In at least some cases of future directed propositional hoping, facts about the hoper become puzzling if one supposes that the object of hoping is a future tensed proposition. These facts are easily explained by the alternative suppostion that the hoper accepts a future tensed proposition but bears the hopingattitude toward a disjunctively tensed proposition. Parallel remarks apply to past directed and present directed prepositional hoping. Thus, at least some instances of hoping have as their objects disjunctively tensed rather than (...) purely tensed propositions. Propositional remembering may possibly resemblepropositional hoping in this respect. (shrink)

Julie Childers and Bob Arnold’s (2019) article, “The Inner Lives of Doctors: Physician Emotion in the Care of the Seriously Ill,” uses Kübler-Ross’s influential work on death and dying to remind us...

There is growing interest in tissue procurement for cancer research through autopsy. Establishing an autopsy/tissue donation programme for breast cancer research within an academic medical centre i...